{"generalIntroImage":"https:\/\/hanoiconvention.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/general-intro.png","generalIntroContent":"The United Nations Convention against Cybercrime was established in response to the alarming rise in cybercrime in terms of scale, speed and scope of criminal offences. It is the first international legal instrument on transnational crime adopted within the UN framework in 20 years, providing nations with a comprehensive multilateral legal framework and a range of measures to prevent and combat cybercrime. Additionally, the Convention marks a new chapter in global cooperation among states, international organizations, businesses, and civil society in ensuring cybersecurity, protecting data, and addressing high-tech crime.\n\nThe Convention will be open for signature in Hanoi in 2025, hence, it is officially titled the \"The United Nations Convention\". For the first time, a United Nations treaty will bear the name of a Vietnamese location. It represents a significant milestone in Viet Nam's multilateral diplomacy and 47 years of Vietnam-United Nations partnership, as stated by Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Bui Thanh Son.\n\nFollowing the signing ceremony in Hanoi, the The United Nations Convention will remain open for signature at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, USA, until December 31, 2026. The Convention will come into force 90 days after the deposit of the fortieth ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.","readConventionLink":"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/cybercrime\/convention\/home.html","generalIntroTitle":"General Introduction","generalIntroSubtitle":"The United Nations Convention against Cybercrime was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 24, 2024, under Resolution 79\/243. The Convention was finalized after four years of negotiations and was unanimously adopted by all 193 UN member states.","generalIntroAdoptedLabel":"Adopted by the UN General Assembly","generalIntroAdoptedValue":"December 24, 2024, under Resolution 79\/243","generalIntroPartiesLabel":"Parties","generalIntroPartiesValue":"193 (as of 20 October 2023)","contentTitle":"Content of the Convention","contentSubtitle":"The United Nations Convention on Cybercrime consists of nine chapters and seventy one articles. It provides a comprehensive approach to preventing and combating global cybercrime while ensuring the protection of human rights.","contentLinkText":"For more information, visit the summary of the chapters of the Convention.","contentLinkUrl":"https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/cybercrime\/convention\/convention-against-cybercrime-chapters.html","contentMainText":"The Convention includes a Preamble and nine chapters: General Provisions, Criminalization, Jurisdiction, Procedural Measures, International Cooperation, Preventive Measures, Technical Assistance, Information Exchange, Implementation Mechanism, and Final Provisions.\n\nThe Convention lays the foundation and establishes general provisions for a comprehensive response to cybercrime, including preventing and combating offenses, recovering proceeds from such crimes, and enhancing international cooperation, particularly in cross-border electronic evidence sharing.\n\nThe Convention ensures that member states, in implementing the Convention, must comply with international law, including respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms such as freedom of expression, thought, belief, peaceful assembly, as well as respect for national sovereignty and territorial integrity.\n\nRegarding Criminalization, the Convention requires member states to establish a comprehensive legal framework to address crimes committed using information and communication technology (ICT). It defines \"technology-dependent\" crimes and \"technology-enhanced\" crimes. Additionally, the Convention sets forth corporate liability, criminalizes participation or attempted commission of offenses, and provides specific commission of offenses, and provides specific rules on prosecution, trial, and penalties.\n\nRegarding the Jurisdiction, the Convention mandates that member states have jurisdiction when offenses occur within their territory, affect their citizens, or are committed by their nationals, even if the offense occurs abroad. It also requires states to assist other member states in criminal investigations when evidence or suspects are located within their territory. Furthermore, in cases of overlapping jurisdiction, states must consult each other.\n\nRegarding Procedural Measures and Law Enforcement, the Convention requires states to ensure that law enforcement authorities have the power to swiftly collect and preserve electronic evidence.\n\nRegarding International Cooperation, the Convention establishes a global cooperation framework to facilitate mutual assistance in investigations, prosecutions, asset recovery, and cross-border judicial proceedings.\n\nRegarding Preventive Measures, the Convention obligates member states to strengthen cooperation between law enforcement agencies and relevant stakeholders, raise public awareness of cybercrime, and improve judicial systems. Furthermore, it emphasizes the protection of vulnerable groups, including preventing gender-based violence, protecting children from sexual exploitation, and supporting victims.\n\nRegarding Implementation Mechanism, the Convention establishes the Conference of the States Parties to monitor implementation and propose improvements.","significanceTitle":"Significance of the Convention","significanceContent":"First, the Convention establishes the first global legal framework for cybercrime, marking a significant step forward in international cooperation to combat global cybercrime. This instrument requires the participation of states in the prevention and suppression of cybercrime, creates a common legal framework to bridge differences between national laws, and establishes a specialized 24\/7 cooperation mechanism to enhance the effectiveness of cross-border crime prevention and response.\n\nSecond, with a democratic and inclusive negotiation process, the Convention ensures that the perspectives and interests of all countries are taken into account, maintaining a balance between the rights and obligations of states. It also promotes technical assistance and enhances digital transformation capacities for the collective benefit of the international community.\n\nThird, the Convention reaffirms the central role of the United Nations in coordinating global efforts to address cybercrime. In a world facing complex geopolitical shifts, intensified strategic competition, and divergent approaches to cybersecurity, the adoption of the Convention by consensus not only strengthens trust in the role of the United Nations and multilateralism but also reflects the goodwill of states in fostering cooperation and dialogue on international issues.\n\nFourth, the adoption of the Convention has the potential to serve as a reference model for future international frameworks related to digital technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI).","impactTitle":"Global Impact of the Convention on Individuals","impactContent":"According to UN News, first, the The United Nations Convention plays a crucial role in addressing the growing threats of cybercrime, ensuring safety in both the digital space and real life. In 2023, 67.4% of the global population used the internet, meaning that more than two-thirds of the world's population is at risk of becoming targets of cybercrime, including extortion, theft of assets, data, and other valuable information.\n\nSecond, the Convention enhances cross-border investigative cooperation, improving the efficiency of investigations and prosecutions by establishing mechanisms to facilitate access to and exchange of electronic evidence among countries. Member states will benefit from the 24\/7 cooperation network, which supports international efforts in investigations, prosecutions, criminal asset recovery, as well as bilateral legal cooperation and extradition.\n\nThird, the Convention equips governments with stronger legal tools to protect children in online environments. It is the first global treaty specifically focused on the issue of online child sexual violence.\n\nFourth, the Convention contributes to supporting victims of cybercrime. It encourages states to implement victim assistance measures, including recovery services, compensation for damages, restitution, and the removal of illicit content.\n\nFinally, the Convention emphasizes the importance of cybercrime prevention. It calls on states to develop comprehensive prevention strategies, including training for both the public and private sectors, rehabilitation and reintegration programs for offenders, and expanded support measures for victims.","readConventionText":"Read the Convention"}